SURGICAL APPROACHES IN THE CORRECTION OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE: ADVANCED TECHNIQUES AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES

Abstract

Cleft lip and palate are among the most frequent congenital malformations of the craniofacial region and represent a significant challenge for the functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of affected patients. Surgical treatment of these anomalies has continuously evolved, incorporating advanced techniques, technological resources, and multidisciplinary approaches aimed at optimizing clinical outcomes. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze, through a literature review, the main surgical approaches used in the correction of cleft lip and palate, with emphasis on advanced techniques and functional outcomes reported in the scientific literature. This study is characterized as a bibliographic review, based on the critical analysis of scientific articles, specialized books, and clinical guidelines published over the last ten years and indexed in recognized health databases, such as PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library. Peer-reviewed studies addressing surgical techniques for cleft lip and palate correction, as well as their functional, aesthetic, and rehabilitative outcomes, were included. The results demonstrated that traditional surgical techniques, such as classical cheiloplasty and palatoplasty, have been progressively refined through technical modifications that favor anatomical and functional restoration, particularly with regard to the reduction of velopharyngeal insufficiency and improvement in speech outcomes. A growing incorporation of digital technologies, including three-dimensional planning, CAD/CAM systems, and applications of artificial intelligence, was also observed, in addition to regenerative approaches such as osteogenic distraction and cellular therapies, which have increased the predictability and effectiveness of surgical procedures. Furthermore, the literature emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary follow-up, involving surgery, orthodontics, and speech therapy, to achieve satisfactory long-term results. It is concluded that advances in surgical approaches, combined with innovative technologies and multiprofessional care, have significantly contributed to improved functional and aesthetic outcomes in the treatment of cleft lip and palate. However, challenges remain regarding the standardization of surgical protocols and the need for longitudinal studies to assess the stability of clinical outcomes, highlighting the importance of further scientific investigations in this field.