O IMPACTO DOS FUNGICIDAS SOBRE A MICROBIOTA DO SOLO: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/arev7n11-064Palavras-chave:
Fitopatógenos, Manejo, Fungos, Bactérias, MicrorganismosResumo
A intensificação da agricultura moderna tem elevado o uso de fungicidas para o controle de doenças fúngicas e a garantia da produtividade agrícola. No entanto, seu uso extensivo tem gerado preocupações quanto aos impactos ecológicos sobre a microbiota do solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática, os efeitos dos fungicidas sobre a composição, diversidade e funcionalidade microbiana em ecossistemas edáficos. A pesquisa foi conduzida nas bases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect e Periódicos CAPES, abrangendo o período de 2020 a 2025, com o uso dos descritores “fungicide, microorganisms, soil e microbiome”. Foram selecionados 54 artigos científicos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, contemplando experimentos de campo e de laboratório. Os resultados indicam que os fungicidas atuam como importantes estressores ecológicos, afetando a estrutura, a diversidade e as funções metabólicas da microbiota do solo. Comunidades fúngicas mostraram-se mais sensíveis que as bacterianas, apresentando reduções significativas na diversidade e biomassa após a exposição a compostos triazóis e estrobilurinas. Houve também uma diminuição da atividade enzimática (desidrogenase, fosfatase e urease) e interferência na ciclagem de nutrientes, especialmente nos ciclos do carbono e do nitrogênio. Embora o uso de fungicidas seja indispensável para a proteção das culturas, esta revisão evidencia seus efeitos sobre a funcionalidade do solo. Observou-se que alguns gêneros bacterianos, como Pseudomonas e Arthrobacter, apresentam capacidade de degradação e adaptação a esses compostos. Apesar de existirem indícios de resiliência microbiana e possíveis efeitos benéficos, ainda persistem lacunas quanto aos impactos de longo prazo, o que reforça a importância do manejo sustentável e do uso racional de fungicidas.
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