IMPACTO DE LOS FUNGICIDAS EN LA MICROBIOTA DEL SUELO: UNA REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/arev7n11-064Palabras clave:
Fitopatógenos, Manejo, Hongos, Bacterias, MicroorganismosResumen
La intensificación de la agricultura moderna ha incrementado el uso de fungicidas para controlar las enfermedades fúngicas y garantizar la productividad agrícola. Sin embargo, su uso extensivo ha generado preocupación por sus impactos ecológicos en la microbiota del suelo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura, los efectos de los fungicidas en la composición, diversidad y funcionalidad microbiana de los ecosistemas del suelo. La investigación se realizó en las bases de datos Google Scholar, ScienceDirect y CAPES Journals, abarcando el período 2020-2025, utilizando los descriptores "fungicida, microorganismos, suelo y microbioma". Se seleccionaron 54 artículos científicos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión, incluyendo experimentos de campo y de laboratorio. Los resultados indican que los fungicidas actúan como importantes factores de estrés ecológico, afectando la estructura, la diversidad y las funciones metabólicas de la microbiota del suelo. Las comunidades fúngicas resultaron ser más sensibles que las bacterianas, mostrando reducciones significativas en diversidad y biomasa tras la exposición a compuestos de triazol y estrobilurina. También se observó una disminución en la actividad enzimática (deshidrogenasa, fosfatasa y ureasa) e interferencia en el ciclo de nutrientes, especialmente en los ciclos del carbono y del nitrógeno. Si bien el uso de fungicidas es indispensable para la protección de cultivos, esta revisión destaca sus efectos sobre la funcionalidad del suelo. Se observó que algunos géneros bacterianos, como Pseudomonas y Arthrobacter, presentan capacidad de degradación y adaptación a estos compuestos. A pesar de la evidencia de resiliencia microbiana y posibles efectos beneficiosos, aún existen lagunas de conocimiento respecto a los impactos a largo plazo, lo que refuerza la importancia del manejo sostenible y el uso racional de fungicidas.
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