TRASTORNOS NEUROLÓGICOS Y DETERIORO DE LAS FUNCIONES EJECUTIVAS EN ADULTOS Y ANCIANOS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/arev8n3-112Palabras clave:
Funciones Ejecutivas, Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso, Neuropsicología, Personas MayoresResumen
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las principales afecciones neurológicas asociadas con el deterioro de las funciones ejecutivas en adultos y ancianos, con énfasis en los signos y síntomas neuropsicológicos característicos. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora, con una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS y PsycINFO, incluyendo artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2025. Los resultados demostraron que los síndromes de demencia (enfermedad de Alzheimer y demencia frontotemporal), las enfermedades cerebrovasculares (ictus y enfermedad de pequeños vasos) y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (enfermedad de Parkinson) representan las afecciones más prevalentes asociadas con el deterioro de las funciones ejecutivas. Se identificaron patrones neuropsicológicos distintos: en la enfermedad de Alzheimer, predominan los déficits en tareas complejas; en la demencia frontotemporal, destacan la desinhibición y el deterioro del juicio; en el ictus, se observan déficits focales según la localización de la lesión; y en la enfermedad de Parkinson, predominan la bradifrenia y la dificultad para cambiar entre tareas. En conclusión, el reconocimiento precoz de estos patrones es fundamental para el diagnóstico diferencial, la planificación de la intervención y la preservación de la funcionalidad, lo que contribuye a mejorar la calidad de la atención en neuropsicología.
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