VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS: DIAGNOSTIC, THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE ASPECTS FROM A VETERINARY MEDICINE PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of high veterinary and public health importance, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia. It is an endemic and neglected disease, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, whose persistence is associated with environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the presence of canine reservoirs. This paper presents an updated literature review on the main aspects related to VL, addressing its etiology, biological cycle, clinical manifestations in animals and humans, diagnostic methods, available therapies, and prevention strategies. The disease can be diagnosed using parasitological, serological, and molecular methods, with a combination of techniques recommended for greater accuracy. Among the drugs used in treatment are miltefosine and marbofloxacin, approved for veterinary use by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA). Prevention involves vector control, the use of repellents, insecticide collars, and immunoprophylaxis, although there is currently no commercial vaccine available in Brazil. Euthanasia, when indicated, should only be considered in irreversible stages, based on ethical and clinical criteria. The conclusion is that combating visceral Leishmaniasis requires an integrated approach, guided by the One Health concept, involving joint surveillance, health education, and responsible animal management.