ANALYSIS OF ZIKA AND CHIKUNGUNYA FREQUENCIES IN THE MIDWEST REGION AND THE CITY OF ITUMBIARA-GOIÁS, BRAZIL, FROM 2018 TO 2024

Abstract

Objective: To quantify reported cases of Zika and Chikungunya in Brazil’s Central-West region and in the municipality of Itumbiara-GO, and to compare the epidemiological profiles of both arboviruses at regional and municipal levels. Method: Cross-sectional and explanatory study using secondary data from SINAN/DATASUS (2018–2024). Incidence trends of Zika and Chikungunya were examined in the Central-West region and in Itumbiara, as well as their relationship with the recent rise in dengue cases and with congenital malformations. Results and Discussion: In both the Central-West region and Itumbiara, Zika predominantly affected females - especially pregnant women aged 20– 39 years. In the municipality, most cases occurred among White individuals, while Black individuals predominated in the regional dataset. Clinical evolution was mostly toward cure. Chikungunya showed a similar epidemiological pattern, differing mainly in the race/skin color variable, with Black individuals comprising most cases in both contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced notification patterns, with an initial period of underreporting followed by a sharp post-pandemic increase in arbovirus cases. This trend also aligns with rising environmental exposure to microplastics, which may favor vector proliferation. The higher incidence of Zika in pregnant women remained associated with increased risk of congenital anomalies. Conclusions: Arboviruses continue to pose a major public health challenge in Brazil, with increasingly high case numbers. The rise in incidence is largely attributable to reduced preventive actions targeting the vector, still the main available control strategy. Eliminating mosquito breeding sites, improving waste management and reducing plastic consumption, along with using repellents, mosquito nets, and avoiding stagnant water, remain essential measures.