FROM MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT TO EARLY DEMENTIA: AN INTEGRATED VIEW FROM CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

Abstract

The significant increase in the older population over recent decades has demanded greater precision in distinguishing typical cognitive aging from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and early-stage dementia. MCI represents an intermediate condition characterized by measurable cognitive impairment in one or more domains, while basic functional abilities remain preserved; early dementia, in contrast, is already associated with significant impact on instrumental activities of daily living. This article examines, from a strictly neuropsychological perspective, the trajectory from MCI to early dementia, emphasizing the historical development of the concept, the heterogeneity of subtypes, the cognitive domains involved, functional impact, differential diagnostic criteria, and key guidelines for assessment and intervention. The pivotal role of neuropsychological evaluation is highlighted in the early identification of decline, longitudinal monitoring, and in guiding rehabilitation and psychoeducation strategies. The article concludes that understanding the MCI–dementia continuum is essential for clinical practice that is qualified, ethical, and aligned with the current demands of aging populations.