A FLORESTA COMO ATIVO GLOBAL E A PROPOSTA DO TROPICAL FOREST FOREVER FACILITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/arev7n12-345Palavras-chave:
Florestas Tropicais, TFFF, Fundos Ambientais, Justiça ClimáticaResumo
O artigo analisa criticamente o Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF), iniciativa liderada pelo Brasil e lançada na COP30 como mecanismo de financiamento climático voltado à conservação de florestas tropicais em contexto de perda florestal e crise dos instrumentos de crédito de carbono. A pesquisa adota abordagem descritiva e analítica, apoiada em documentos oficiais e literatura sobre financiamento climático, bens públicos globais, fundos permanentes, justiça climática e financeirização da natureza. A gênese política do TFFF e o papel do protagonismo brasileiro na formulação e internacionalização da proposta são reconstruídos, com detalhamento de arquitetura financeira, mecanismos de governança, critérios de elegibilidade e regras de repartição de benefícios para povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais, em comparação com instrumentos como REDD, mercados voluntários de carbono e fundos florestais existentes. Os resultados indicam que o TFFF incorpora inovações como meta de capitalização de 125 bilhões de dólares em fundo patrimonial, pagamentos recorrentes por hectare conservado, maior previsibilidade de fluxos financeiros e reconhecimento da centralidade dos países tropicais na proteção de bem público global. Também são identificados riscos associados a metodologias de monitoramento, assimetrias de poder na governança, possibilidade de greenwashing, desafios de capitalização e exposição à volatilidade financeira, além de limites de um instrumento ancorado na lógica do capital para enfrentar problema produzido por essa mesma lógica. Conclui-se que o TFFF pode representar avanço na arquitetura de financiamento florestal e oportunidade de reforço do protagonismo brasileiro na governança climática, desde que condicionado a transparência, salvaguardas socioambientais robustas e participação de países florestais e comunidades locais.
Downloads
Referências
AGÊNCIA BRASIL. Deforestation falls 11% in Amazon and Cerrado. Brasília, 30 out. 2025. Disponível em: https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/meio-ambiente/noticia/2025-10/deforestation-falls-11-amazon-and-cerrado. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
BARBER, C. V. Conserving biodiversity and halting extinction, from ambition to action on conservation imperatives and how to pay for it. Policy Outlook. Washington, DC, Frontiers Policy Labs, 2024. Disponível em: https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/content/policy-outlook-conserving-biodiversity-and-halting-extinction. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
BARBER, C.; et al. Financing nature conservation: will the Tropical Forest Forever Facility finally do it? Washington, DC, World Resources Institute, 06 nov. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wri.org/insights/financing-nature-conservation-tropical-forest-forever-facility. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025. (TFFF)
BAYRAK, M. M.; MARAFA, L. M. Ten years of REDD+, a critical review of the impact of REDD+ on forest-dependent communities. Sustainability, Basel, v. 8, n. 7, 620, 2016. DOI: 10.3390/su8070620.
BRASIL. Ministério da Fazenda. Plano de Transformação Ecológica. Brasília, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/fazenda/pt-br/assuntos/plano-de-transformacao-ecologica. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
BRASIL. Presidência da República. Comunicações oficiais sobre a liderança do Brasil na agenda de florestas e clima durante a COP30. Brasília, 2025a. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/planalto. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
BRASIL. Presidência da República. Over USD 5.5 billion announced for Tropical Forest Forever Facility as 53 countries endorse the historic TFFF launch declaration. Belém, 2025b. Disponível em: https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/over-usd-5-5-billion-announced-for-tropical-forest-forever-facility-as-53-countries-endorse-the-historic-tfff-launch-declaration. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
BÜSCHER, B.; FLETCHER, R. Accumulation by conservation, new political ecologies of green capitalism. Geoforum, Amsterdam, v. 61, p. 273–283, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.11.016.
CETEX – CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC TRANSITION EXPERTISE. Why donor countries like the UK should support the Tropical Forest Forever Facility. Londres, CETEx, 2025. Disponível em: https://cetex.org.uk. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
COOPER, L. T. et al. Partnering on forests and climate with Indigenous peoples, lessons from a conditional direct transfer program in Peru. Sustainability, Basel, v. 17, n. 16, 9859, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/su17169859.
CRIVELARI-COSTA, P. M. et al. Changes in carbon dioxide balance associated with land use and land cover in Brazilian Legal Amazon based on remotely sensed imagery. Remote Sensing, Basel, v. 15, n. 11, 2780, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/rs15112780.
DASGUPTA, A. Climate finance is a top story to watch in 2025. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute, 30 jan. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wri.org/insights/climate-finance-progress-2025. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
DEMAND CLIMATE JUSTICE. Tropical Forests Forever Facility or the fake forest fund. Bruxelas, Demand Climate Justice, 2025. Disponível em: https://demandclimatejustice.org/tropical-forests-forever-facility-or-the-fake-forest-fund. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
DEUTZ, A. et al. Financing nature, closing the global biodiversity financing gap. Washington, DC, The Paulson Institute; The Nature Conservancy; Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.paulsoninstitute.org/financing-nature-report. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
FAIRHEAD, J.; LEACH, M.; SCOONES, I. Green grabbing, a new appropriation of nature? Journal of Peasant Studies, Londres, v. 39, n. 2, p. 237–261, 2012. DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2012.671770.
FINANCIAL TIMES. How Brazil plans to make the Amazon pay. Londres, Financial Times, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.ft.com. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
FOEI – FRIENDS OF THE EARTH INTERNATIONAL. FoEI’s analysis of the Tropical Forest Forever Facility. Amsterdã, Friends of the Earth International, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.foei.org. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
FOREST DECLARATION ASSESSMENT. Forest Declaration Assessment 2025. Nova York, Forest Declaration Platform, 2025. Disponível em: https://forestdeclaration.org. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
FORESTS AND FINANCE. Forests and Finance statement on the Tropical Forests Forever Facility. Amsterdã, Forests and Finance, 2025. Disponível em: https://forestsandfinance.org/news/tropical-forests-forever-facility. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
GERMAIN, J.; SCHLEGELMILCH, K. Aligning finance with forest conservation, lessons from blended finance. Climate Policy, Londres, v. 22, n. 8, p. 1023–1040, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2022.2036408.
GERMAN CLIMATE FINANCE. Tropical Forests Forever Facility, a promising approach to global forest protection if the details are done right. Berlim, German Climate Finance, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.germanclimatefinance.de. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
GLOBAL FOREST COALITION. Forests, climate and finance, a critical assessment of REDD and forest carbon offsets. Bruxelas, Global Forest Coalition, 2023. Disponível em: https://globalforestcoalition.org/forests-climate-finance-redd-report. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
GLOBAL FOREST COALITION. Nuevo informe, la gran ilusión climática de REDD+. Notícias, 2024. Disponível em: https://globalforestcoalition.org/es/nuevo-informe-la-gran-ilusion-climatica-de-redd. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
GLOBAL FOREST COALITION et al. No to TFFF, yes to forest rights, statement from civil society organizations on the launch of the Tropical Forests Forever Facility. Belém, Global Forest Coalition, 2025. Disponível em: https://globalforestcoalition.org/no-to-tfff-yes-to-forest-rights. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
GLOBAL WITNESS. Banking on forests, inside private sector plans to shape the Tropical Forests Forever Facility. Londres, Global Witness, 09 out. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/forests/banking-on-forests. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
HADDAD, F. Brasil says ten billion dollars for forest fund in year one is possible. Brasília, Ministério da Fazenda, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/fazenda. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS (INPE). Taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal Brasileira – PRODES. São José dos Campos, 2025. Disponível em: https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
ISLAM, F. The climate finance crisis. Africa Is a Country, 25 jul. 2025. Disponível em: https://africasacountry.com/2025/07/the-climate-finance-crisis. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
LOWY INSTITUTE. A new model for forest finance or just more debt? Sydney, Lowy Institute, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.lowyinstitute.org. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
MARQUES, L. Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF) proposes innovative financing model for conservation. Portal COP30, 23 set. 2025. Disponível em: https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/tropical-forests-forever-facility-tfff-proposes-innovative-financing-model-for-conservation. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025. (WWF-Brasil)
OCDE – ORGANIZAÇÃO PARA COOPERAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO. Developed countries materially surpassed their USD 100 billion climate finance commitment in 2022, says OECD. Comunicado de imprensa, 29 maio 2024. Disponível em: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/05/developed-countries-materially-surpassed-their-usd-100-billion-climate-finance-commitment-in-2022-oecd.html. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
PEARCE, F. Carbon offsets are failing, can a new plan save the rainforests? Yale Environment 360, New Haven, 29 out. 2025. Disponível em: https://e360.yale.edu/features/tropical-forest-forever-facility-cop30. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
PROKOFIEVA, I. Payments for forest ecosystem services in the Global South, evidence and knowledge gaps. Current Forestry Reports, Cham, v. 2, n. 4, p. 325–337, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s40725-016-0046-9.
RAINFOREST FOUNDATION US. Analysis of the Tropical Forest Forever Facility and implications for Indigenous Peoples and local communities. Nova Iorque, Rainforest Foundation US, 2025. Disponível em: https://rainforestfoundation.org. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
RANGER, N.; O’DONNELL, E. Too big to fail, tropical forests as anchors of economic prosperity and resilience. Londres, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
REUTERS. Norway to invest about 3 billion dollars in forest conservation fund. Londres, Reuters, 2025a. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
ROMM, J.; LEZAK, S.; ALSHAMSI, A. Carbon offsets and their failure to mitigate global warming, a review of systemic problems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Palo Alto, v. 50, p. 1–28, 2025. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-112823-064813.
TFFF – TROPICAL FOREST FOREVER FACILITY. Tropical Forest Forever Facility, concept note 3.1. Agência Brasil, Brasília, 2025a. Disponível em: https://tfff.earth. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
TFFF – TROPICAL FOREST FOREVER FACILITY. An innovative financing mechanism to incentivize long-term conservation of tropical forests, executive summary. Agência Brasil, Brasília, 2025b. Disponível em: https://tfff.earth. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
UNDP – UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Climate change is a matter of justice – here’s why. Nova Iorque, 30 jun. 2023. Disponível em: https://climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/climate-change-matter-justice-heres-why. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
VIAN, J. Towards a synthesized critique of forest-based carbon-fix strategies. Climate Resilience and Sustainability, Hoboken, v. 1, n. 3, e48, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/cli2.48.
WEF – WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. Adaptation is moving up the climate agenda, COP30 must get serious about financing it. Genebra, World Economic Forum, 10 nov. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/11/finance-climate-adaptation-cop30. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
WEST, T. A. P. et al. Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Washington, DC, v. 117, n. 39, p. 24188–24194, 2020. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004334117.
WEST, T. A. P. et al. Action needed to make carbon offsets from forest conservation work for climate change mitigation. Science, Washington, DC, v. 380, eade3535, 2023. DOI: 10.1126/science.ade3535.
WEST, T. A. P. Methodological issues with deforestation baselines compromise the integrity of carbon offsets from REDD+. Global Environmental Change, Amsterdã, v. 83, 103945, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.103945.
WORLD BANK. Project information document, Tropical Forest Forever Facility. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2025. Disponível em: https://projects.worldbank.org. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE. What is the Tropical Forest Forever Facility. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wri.org/initiatives/tropical-forest-forever-facility. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
WWF - World Wildlife Fund. Deforestation falls by 11% in Amazon and Cerrado in a year. Brasília, WWF-Brasil, 30 out. 2025. Disponível em: https://www.wwf.org.br/en/?93221/Deforestation-falls-by-11-in-Amazon-and-Cerrado-in-a-year. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2025.
