HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA – THE CHALLENGES FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Abstract

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a neoplasm that occurs in the lymphatic system, originating from B cells, causing the emergence of tumor masses and is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, these cells have two lobes and are marked by the presence of a reactive pink background. The exact cause of HL is unknown, but it is noted that up to 50% of cases are related to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), while other factors include family history that can increase the risk of developing the disease, age, sex, autoimmune diseases and immunosuppressed patients. Systemic symptoms include fever, night sweats and loss of appetite, resulting in unintentional weight loss (> 10% of body weight in the previous 6 months), which are called "B symptoms". The objective of this study was to investigate the factors involved in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma, its prevalence, and the difficulties in its early diagnosis. Specific objectives included analyzing the differences between Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, analyzing their etiology and mechanisms of action, and investigating cases and prevalence. HL is most prevalent in young adults aged 15 to 40 years and may increase in incidence in people over 60 years of age. It is divided into four subtypes: nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-rich and lymphocyte depletion. An important fact is that Hodgkin's lymphoma with nodular lymphocyte predominance is treated differently from the classic types, due to its specific characteristics, such as slow growth and specific markers. Although HL is not common and does not have such specific symptoms, early and reliable diagnosis is necessary for proper treatment. It is worth noting that identifying the stage is very important for defining the appropriate treatment. This analysis is expected to contribute to expanding knowledge on the subject, as it is a rare neoplasm and there are still many gaps regarding the pathology. Addressing strategies that facilitate early diagnosis, implementation of protocols in health units, such as awareness campaigns, investments in laboratory infrastructure and professionals trained in identifying signs and symptoms, during screening for referral to specialists and specific exams.