THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF ADHD: MULTIMODAL APPROACH AND LONG-TERM STRATEGIES

Abstract

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and lifelong neurobiological condition whose effective management requires integrated strategies. This descriptive review seeks to synthesize recent evidence on the multimodal approach to ADHD treatment, focusing on accurate diagnosis and interventions adapted to different phases of the life cycle. Method: A search was conducted in the PubMed database for articles from the last five years, using MeSH terms related to ADHD, treatment, and diagnosis. Studies in Portuguese, Spanish, or English that directly addressed multimodal therapeutic management were included. Results: The analysis highlights: (1) the dual diagnostic challenge, oscillating between overdiagnosis in children and underdiagnosis in comorbidities such as ASD; (2) the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical exercise and digital tools, to improve symptoms and executive functions; (3) the need for individualized therapeutic planning during critical periods, such as pregnancy and aging, weighing risks and benefits. Conclusion: The management of ADHD requires a multimodal and longitudinal approach that transcends isolated pharmacotherapy. This review reinforces that treatment should be based on a thorough diagnosis to avoid both overtreatment in mild cases and underdiagnosis in vulnerable populations. Evidence points to physical exercise and digital interventions as effective and promising non-pharmacological strategies. It also highlights the importance of adapting approaches to the specificities of phases such as the perinatal period and old age, where the balance between risks and benefits of pharmacological interventions requires prudence. The integration of psychoeducation, behavioral support, and continuous clinical follow-up is fundamental to promoting lasting functional gains and quality of life throughout the life cycle.