Childhood obesity and preventive interventions: Analysis of prevention strategies and management of childhood obesity

Abstract

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide, associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases and psychosocial problems. Effective interventions to prevent and manage childhood obesity are essential to improve children's long-term health and well-being. This study reviews the preventive and management strategies for childhood obesity, focusing on educational interventions, physical activity programs, personalized and community-based approaches, and public policies. Methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature published between 2020 and 2024 was carried out, using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases. Original studies, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies that addressed interventions for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity were included. The selection of articles was based on inclusion criteria that considered the relevance, methodological quality and impact of the intervention strategies analyzed. Results: The results indicate that educational interventions, especially those implemented in school environments, demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing children's body mass index (BMI). Physical activity programs, combined with reduced screen time, have also shown clear benefits in reducing BMI and body fat percentage. Personalized approaches, tailored to each child's specific needs, and community-based strategies have been shown to be more effective compared to generalized strategies. Public policies, such as imposing taxes on sugary drinks and regulating the promotion of healthy foods, have been effective when combined with educational programs and public awareness campaigns. However, challenges such as socioeconomic inequalities, limited access to healthy foods, and cultural resistance to dietary changes have limited the effectiveness of some interventions. Conclusion: An integrated and multifaceted approach is crucial to prevent and manage childhood obesity effectively. Strategies combining educational interventions, physical activity programs, personalized approaches, public policies, and community support are essential to achieve better results. Cross-sectoral collaboration and adapting interventions to the local context are key to overcoming challenges and ensuring a sustainable impact on child health.