Clinical manifestations and management of congenital hypothyroidism: A systematic review

Abstract

Objective: The general objective of the present study is to analyze the scientific production on Congenital Hypothyroidism, seeking to identify the main clinical manifestations, as well as the main methods used in the treatment of this pathology. Methodology: It is a systematic review focused on understanding the main aspects of Congenital Hypothyroidism. The research was guided by the question: "What are the main signs and symptoms of Congenital Hypothyroidism in the pediatric population, as well as what are the therapeutic resources used in clinical practice?". To find answers, searches were performed in the PubMed database using four descriptors combined with the Boolean term "AND". This resulted in 88 articles. 11 articles were selected for analysis. Results: Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) is a metabolic condition present at birth, resulting from problems in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. It can be primary (in the thyroid) or central (in the hypothalamus/pituitary). Neonatal screening is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment with levothyroxine (L-T4), preventing sequelae. Continuous monitoring is essential to optimize development and avoid long-term complications. Conclusion: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a condition that should be detected early through neonatal screening. Treatment with levothyroxine (L-T4) is crucial to normalize hormones and promote proper development. Collaboration between healthcare providers, parents, and caregivers is essential for successful treatment. Ongoing research is important to improve knowledge and management of the condition. In summary, rapid diagnosis and treatment are key to a good prognosis.