SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CHOLELITHIASIS: TECHNIQUES AND INDICATIONS

Abstract

This review article addresses the indications and techniques for the surgical treatment of cholelithiasis (gallstones). The main indication for surgery is the presence of symptoms, such as biliary pain, since most stone patients are asymptomatic and can be managed with observation. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is established as the gold standard treatment for symptomatic cases due to its safety and rapid recovery. However, recent studies suggest that conservative management may be a viable alternative for uncomplicated cases. A particular challenge is the management of choledocholithiasis (stones in the common bile duct), which can be performed in two stages (endoscopy followed by surgery) or in a single surgical stage. Evidence points to the superiority of the single-stage approach, which has higher success rates, fewer complications, and lower cost, although its application is limited by the need for resources and specialized staff.