ENTOMOLOGY: A REVIEW ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT DAMAGE, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, ECDYSIS, ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY, REPRODUCTION, AND CHEWING AND SUCKING INSECTS

Abstract

The article addresses several fundamental aspects of insect biology and ecology, with emphasis on their importance for agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems. Initially, it distinguishes the damage caused by insects to plants as direct and indirect, emphasizing their impacts on agricultural production. It then describes the tracheal respiratory system of insects, highlighting their efficiency for survival in dry environments and their role as an entry route for insecticides. The text also explores the process of ecdysis (molting), controlled by hormones such as ecdysone and juvenile hormone, essential for the growth and development of insects and are used in biological control strategies. In addition, it discusses the anatomy and morphology of insects, fundamental for their identification and control, highlighting adaptations such as the modification of mouthparts and specialized sensory systems. The article emphasizes the ecological and economic importance of insects as pollinators, decomposers, and pests and highlights their high reproductive and adaptive capacity. Finally, he comments on the rare phenomenon of hermaphroditism and the classification of pest insects according to the oral system, focusing on Coleoptera with a chewing apparatus.