ADICCIÓN A LA NICOTINA ENTRE REJAS: NEUROCIENCIA, DERECHO Y CONTROL EN EL SISTEMA PENITENCIARIO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56238/arev7n8-102Palabras clave:
Dependencia a la Nicotina, Abstinencia, Neurobiología, Sistema PenitenciarioResumen
El tabaquismo representa un grave problema de salud pública que afecta a aproximadamente 27 millones de adultos brasileños, con la mayor incidencia entre los 20 y los 49 años. La nicotina, principal sustancia psicoactiva presente en los cigarrillos, es responsable de la dependencia química y actúa sobre los receptores colinérgicos del sistema nervioso central, estimulando la liberación de dopamina. Esta activación refuerza positivamente el hábito de fumar, un proceso similar al observado con otras drogas de abuso, como la cocaína y el alcohol. Los estudios demuestran que tiene un potencial eufórico moderado y desencadena efectos de refuerzo que contribuyen al mantenimiento del consumo continuado. El sistema dopaminérgico mesocorticolímbico, en particular el núcleo accumbens y las estructuras asociadas con el circuito de recompensa, está directamente involucrado en los mecanismos de la adicción. Como estudio que propone investigar la prohibición —el cese abrupto del consumo de nicotina en los sistemas penitenciarios—, este estudio busca revisar las bases conductuales, neurológicas y fisiológicas de la dependencia a la nicotina, con énfasis en las implicaciones de la abstinencia forzada en entornos penitenciarios, desde la promulgación de la Ley Federal n.º 9.294/1996 y la Ley Estatal n.º 18.552/2009, que prohíben el tabaquismo en prisiones. Esto resalta la importancia del conocimiento científico para el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas y políticas públicas más efectivas y humanas, ya que, además de la dependencia psicológica, el cese del consumo puede desencadenar síntomas de abstinencia, caracterizados por síntomas como ansiedad, irritabilidad, alteraciones del sueño, aumento del apetito, depresión y disminución de la motivación.
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