COLORECTAL CANCER AND RISK FACTORS: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, with a high incidence especially in developing countries. It is a malignant neoplasm that affects the large intestine and, in most cases, develops from adenomatous polyps. Given its high prevalence and social and economic impacts, understanding the risk factors associated with its development is crucial. This study aimed to identify the main risk factors for colorectal cancer in the general population through an integrative literature review. The search was conducted in electronic databases such as Google Scholar and institutional websites, using the descriptors "cancer," "intestine," and "colorectal," with articles published between 2019 and 2023. Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The main risk factors identified were: consumption of red and processed meat, alcohol intake, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, age over 50, a family history of the disease, and socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, it was observed that younger patients tend to be diagnosed at more advanced stages. These findings reinforce the need for public policies focused on prevention, early screening, and health education, with a focus on lifestyle changes and expanded access to diagnostic tests. It is concluded that multidisciplinary work, with a focus on nursing, is essential for early detection, comprehensive care, and reduced CRC mortality.