SOIL CONTAMINATION BY URANIUM AND ITS IMPACTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Abstract

Soil contamination by uranium is a significant environmental and public health problem, resulting mainly from the mining and processing of this radioactive element. This article reviews the mechanisms of uranium dispersion in the environment, its effects on human health, and the mitigation strategies adopted globally. Uranium persists in the soil through processes such as leaching, adsorption on particles, and radioactive decay, generating risks of aquifer contamination and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. Exposure to uranium can lead to adverse effects, including nephrotoxicity, lung cancer, and genetic mutations. Remediation strategies, such as phytoremediation and tailings encapsulation, have been employed to minimize environmental impacts. In addition, international and national regulations, such as those of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), aim to control exploration and reduce associated risks. The study reinforces the need for effective public policies and continuous environmental monitoring to protect exposed populations and restore degraded areas.