ULTRAVIOLET RAYS AND SKIN HEALTH: PREVENTING CANCER AND PREMATURE AGEING

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a natural component of sunlight, plays a fundamental role in the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, but it also represents a significant risk factor for skin health. Excessive exposure to UV rays, especially UVA and UVB wavelengths, is associated with acute effects, such as erythema and sunburn, and chronic effects, including photoaging, cutaneous immunosuppression, and an increased incidence of neoplasms, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. This work presents a literature review based on scientific articles published over the last 22 years, aiming to understand the mechanisms of action of UV radiation on the skin, identify the main risk factors, clinically identify cancerous lesions, and analyze prevention strategies. Studies addressing the pathophysiology of radiation-induced cellular damage were included, with emphasis on the formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA mutations. Current recommendations for photoprotection were also evaluated, including the use of sunscreens, physical barriers, protective clothing, and educational campaigns. The results from the literature indicate that public education and the adoption of ongoing preventive measures are essential to reduce morbidity associated with inadequate sun exposure. It is concluded that, although UV radiation is necessary for physiological functions, its exposure should be controlled and guided by photoprotection practices based on scientific evidence.