OVERVIEW OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN BRAZIL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated with urine from infected animals, primarily rodents. In Brazil, floods, inadequate sanitation, and social vulnerability favor its spread. The disease ranges from mild forms to severe conditions, such as Weil’s syndrome, with high morbidity and mortality, being more frequent during rainy periods and in vulnerable urban areas. This study analyzed the epidemiological profile of leptospirosis, risk factors, and weaknesses in public policies, aiming to support prevention and control strategies. Fifteen articles published between 2021 and 2026 in national databases, including SciELO, Google Scholar, and the Virtual Health Library, were selected, considering original studies and reviews with clear methodology. The results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of leptospirosis in the country, with higher incidence in the South and Southeast and growth in the North and Northeast regions. Environmental factors, such as waterlogged soils and accumulation of waste, precarious housing conditions, lack of basic sanitation, and occupational risk activities increase population vulnerability. Weaknesses in public policies and health surveillance, characterized by underreporting, limited access to testing, low intersectoral integration, and insufficient health education, compromise disease prevention and control. The analysis shows that tackling leptospirosis requires integrated, intersectoral, and territorialized strategies, encompassing sanitation, education, social protection, urban planning, and strengthening epidemiological surveillance. These measures can reduce population exposure, increase community resilience, and improve equity in controlling this health problem in Brazil.