UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTING PERIODONTAL DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a widespread chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, ranging from reversible gingivitis to severe periodontitis that can lead to tooth loss. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, clinical manifestations, risk factors, and preventive strategies for periodontal disease. Key contributors include bacterial plaque accumulation, host immune responses, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus. Emphasis is placed on the importance of daily oral hygiene practices, regular professional dental care, and lifestyle modifications in preventing disease onset and progression. Additionally, the article highlights recent advances in diagnostics and the systemic implications of periodontal disease, reinforcing the need for integrated healthcare approaches to improve both oral and general health outcomes.