THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF STEM CELLS IN PANCREATIC REGENERATION: AN EMERGING STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency and lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin therapy. Despite advances in glucose monitoring technologies and new insulin formulations, many patients remain outside therapeutic targets, reinforcing the need for innovative strategies. Stem cell–based therapies have emerged as a promising alternative, given their potential for pancreatic regeneration and restoration of endocrine function. This study is a narrative review of the literature published between 2020 and 2025 in national and international databases, focusing on embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The results show that hESCs and iPSCs can differentiate into insulin-producing β-like cells, while MSCs play a relevant role in immune modulation and protection of the pancreatic microenvironment. Recent clinical trials, including protocols with human pluripotent stem cell–derived products, already demonstrate measurable C-peptide secretion and partial reduction of exogenous insulin requirements, confirming the translational feasibility of this strategy. However, significant challenges remain, such as residual immunogenicity, tumorigenic risk, functional immaturity of transplanted cells, need for immunosuppression, as well as economic and regulatory barriers. In conclusion, stem cell–based pancreatic regeneration represents a rapidly evolving field with relevant clinical prospects, but still requires long-term multicenter studies, standardized protocols for efficacy and safety, and policies that ensure global accessibility.