ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: FROM DIAGNOSIS TO TREATMENT, A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignant disease, with high incidence and mortality rates, being the eighth most common type in the world and the sixth cause of cancer death globally. The disease has a higher prevalence among men and in developing countries, with a peak incidence after the age of 55, especially in individuals over 65 years of age. Risk factors include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and very hot foods. The diagnosis is confirmed by upper GI endoscopy with biopsy, supplemented by imaging tests. Reviewing the literature on esophageal cancer is critical to updating knowledge, identifying advances in diagnosis and treatments, and providing a basis for future research and improvements in clinical management. OBJECTIVE: to compile and critically analyze the research already carried out, to offer a comprehensive view of the advances in the diagnosis, clinical and surgical management and prognosis of esophageal cancer. METHODS: This is a literature review on esophageal cancer adenoma.  The research used the Virtual Health Library (VHL) as a data source and applied specific terms such as "esophageal cancer", "esophageal tumors", "diagnosis" and "treatment", with language filters (Portuguese, English and Spanish) and publication period (2019-2024). A total of 18 studies were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although it does not require ethical approval, the review follows good scientific practices.  DISCUSSIONS: Esophageal cancer is an aggressive neoplasm with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, often diagnosed in advanced stages due to the late onset of symptoms, such as progressive dysphagia. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor, and involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and endoscopic therapies. New approaches, such as immunotherapy and targeted therapies, have shown promising results, especially in advanced cases. The combination of traditional and modern treatments has improved survival, but early diagnosis and personalization of therapies remain important challenges to optimize long-term outcomes. CONCLUSION: Esophageal carcinoma is an aggressive disease, usually diagnosed in advanced stages. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and emerging therapies such as immunotherapy and targeted therapies, with a focus on personalization to improve outcomes. Early diagnosis remains a major challenge.