MANIFESTATIONS AND COMORBIDITIES OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this review was to report the current knowledge on the main clinical manifestations and comorbidities associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methodology: Searches were performed in the PubMed Central (PMC) databases. Three descriptors were used in combination with the Boolean term "AND": Alzheimer Disease, Signs and Symptoms, Clinical Diagnosis. From this search, 440 articles were found, which were subsequently submitted to the selection criteria. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 articles were selected from the PubMed database to compose the review. Results: The studies highlight the diversity of clinical manifestations of AD, which include memory loss, cognitive difficulties, language problems, and mood swings. Comorbidities often seen in AD patients include cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, depression, and migraine. The identification of genetic factors and biomarkers, such as alterations in the ApoE, ENPP6 and SOMA1 genes, reveals the biological complexity of the disease. Sex differences in AD manifestations are significant, with women having a higher prevalence of depressive and psychotic symptoms, while men are more prone to apathy. Innovative therapeutic approaches, such as modulation of brain rhythms and artificial rhythmic stimulation, show promise for improving cognitive function. Conclusion: The integration of multidisciplinary and innovative approaches is essential for advancing the diagnosis and treatment of AD. A detailed understanding of clinical manifestations and comorbidities, combined with the identification of biomarkers, is essential to develop more effective therapies. In short, progress in AD management requires a holistic and collaborative approach, aimed at meeting the individual needs of patients and promoting their overall well-being.